ABSTRACT
Resumo Em 2019, o governo brasileiro lançou uma nova política para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Chamada de "Previne Brasil", a política modificou o financiamento da APS para municípios. No lugar de habitantes e de equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), as transferências intergovernamentais passaram a ser calculadas a partir do número de pessoas cadastradas em serviços de APS e de resultados alcançados sobre um grupo selecionado de indicadores. As mudanças terão um conjunto de impactos para o SUS e para a saúde da população que precisaram ser identificados e monitorados. Neste artigo, discute-se os possíveis efeitos da nova política a partir de uma breve análise de contexto sobre tendências globais de financiamento de sistemas de saúde e de remuneração por serviços de saúde, bem como dos avanços, desafios e ameaças à APS e ao SUS. Com base na análise realizada, entende-se que a nova política parece ter objetivo restritivo, que deve limitar a universalidade, aumentar as distorções no financiamento e induzir a focalização de ações da APS no SUS, contribuindo para a reversão de conquistas históricas na redução das desigualdades na saúde no Brasil.
Abstract In 2019, the Brazilian government launched a new Primary Health Care (PHC) policy for the Unified Health System (SUS). Called "PrevineBrasil", the policy changed the PHC funding for municipalities. Instead of inhabitants and Family Health Strategy (ESF) teams, intergovernmental transfers are calculated from the number of people registered in PHC services and the results achieved in a selected group of indicators. The changes will have a set of impacts for the SUS and the health of the population, which must be observed and monitored. In this paper, possible effects of the new policy are discussed from a brief context analysis of global trends in health systems financing and health services' remuneration models, as well as on the advances, challenges, and threats to PHC and the SUS. Based on the analysis, the new policy seems to have a restrictive purpose, which should limit universality, increase distortions in financing and induce the focus of PHC actions on the SUS, contributing to the reversal of historic achievements in reducing health inequalities in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care/economics , Healthcare Financing , National Health Programs/economics , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Reimbursement, Incentive/economics , Brazil , Capitation Fee , Family Health , Health Expenditures , Health Care Reform/economics , Healthcare Disparities/economics , Health Plan Implementation/economics , Health PolicyABSTRACT
Resumo A partir da criação de uma Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde (SAPS) no Ministério da Saúde em maio de 2019, cinco novos desafios foram trazidos para a gestão federal do SUS: a) ampliação do acesso da população às unidades de saúde da família, b) definição de um novo modelo de financiamento baseado em resultados em saúde e eficiência, c) definição de um novo modelo de provimento e formação de médicos de família e comunidade para áreas remotas, d) fortalecimento da clínica e do trabalho em equipe multiprofissional, e) ampliação da informatização das unidades de saúde e uso de prontuário eletrônico. Esse ensaio discute esses elementos à luz de um novo modelo avaliativo que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de orientar o novo processo de financiamento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil. Este baseia-se na correção de distorções distributivas e também busca orientar maior efetividade e eficiência no investimento público e qualidade do serviço prestado à população. Através de estudos dos melhores exemplos internacionais e discussão com os representantes do Conselho Nacional de Secretários Estaduais de Saúde (CONASS) e do Conselho Nacional dos Secretários Municipais de Saúde (CONASEMS) e com apoio técnico do Banco Mundial, foi elaborada a proposta de novo modelo avaliativo e de financiamento da APS.
Abstract Five new challenges were brought to the federal management of SUS from the establishment of the Primary Health Care Secretariat (SAPS) in May 2019, as follows: a) to expand people's access to health facilities; b) to define a new financing model from health outcomes and efficiency; c) to define a new model of provision and training of family and community doctors for remote areas; d) to strengthen clinic and multi-professional teamwork; e) to expand computerization of health facilities and use of electronic medical records. This essay discusses these elements in light of a new evaluation model that also guides a new process of financing the Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC). It builds on the correction of distributive distortions, and also seeks to guide greater effectiveness and efficiency in public investment and quality of service provided to the population. The proposal for a new PHC evaluation and financing model was elaborated through studies of the best international examples and discussion with representatives of the National Council of State Health Secretaries (CONASS) and the National Council of Municipal Health Secretaries (CONASEMS), and with technical support from the World Bank.
Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care/economics , Primary Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Plan Implementation/economics , Health Plan Implementation/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/organization & administration , Reimbursement, Incentive , Brazil , Universal Health InsuranceABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar custos de implantação e manutenção da assistência odontológica no setor público. Os custos foram atualizados/depreciados de acordo com a vida útil e considerados na perspectiva do serviço e da sociedade. Os resultados mostraram que, para o serviço, o custo total de implantação de uma unidade odontológica com sete consultórios foi de R$ 860.643,67 no primeiro ano e R$ 545.419,23 para manutenção, sendo clínica geral a especialidade mais cara. Para a sociedade, o custo total foi de R$ 990.065,06 (implantação) e R$ 668.369,55 (manutenção) e a especialidade mais cara foi prevenção. Custos de capital representaram um pequeno percentual dos custos de uma unidade odontológica, entretanto, deveriam ser considerados, pois podem modificar os resultados. Devido ao alto custo, intervenções preventivo-promocionais realizadas no ambiente clínico não deveriam ser recomendadas, devendo ser substituídas por ações populacionais amplas e de menor custo, uma vez que valores consideráveis necessitam ser desembolsados pela população de baixa renda para participar de programas públicos gratuitos.
The aim of this study was to assess the costs of setting up and maintaining dental care in the public sector. Costs were updated or depreciated according to the service's lifespan and were analyzed from the perspective of the service itself and society. According to the findings, for the service the total cost of setting up a dental care unit with seven rooms was BRL$860.643.67 in the first year, plus BRL$545,419.23 for maintenance, and clinical dental care was the most expensive specialty. For society, the total cost was BRL$990,065.06 (implementation) and BRL$668,369.55 (maintenance), and the most expensive specialty was prevention (US$1.00 = BRL$1.62). Capital costs represented a small percentage of total costs for a dental care unit, but they need to be considered, since they can modify the results. Due to the high costs, preventive and promotional interventions should not be performed in the clinical setting, but should be replaced by broader and less expansive population-based interventions, since considerable sums need to be spent by the low-income population to participate in free public programs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Dental Care/economics , Dental Health Services/economics , Health Plan Implementation/economics , National Health Programs/economics , Oral Health , Brazil , Costs and Cost Analysis , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Dentistry , Fees, Dental , Practice Management, Dental/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Septicaemia is a major contributor of mortality. Blood culture is the essential investigation for the management of sepsis. Due to lack of resources blood culture is an irregularly used investigation in India. A three-tier level of development is being proposed to develop the blood culture based national programme for early detection of sepsis. The plan envisages the establishment of manual blood culture based elementary system in the health centre and district hospital level (Level 1), direct Gram stain and direct antibiotic sensitivity testing from the "positive" blood culture broths at the medical college hospital level (Level 2) and development of automated methods, enhancement of quality control and safety measures, clinical liaison and re-orientation of microbiology training at the tertiary care centre level (Level 3).
Subject(s)
Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteriological Techniques/instrumentation , Blood/microbiology , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation , Health Plan Implementation/economics , Hospital Mortality , Hospitals, Public/economics , Humans , India , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Policy Making , Primary Health Care/standards , Program Development , Public Health Administration/economics , Quality of Health Care , Sepsis/diagnosisABSTRACT
In China, the implementation of community health service shows that the prevention is an essential and important part of our national health system and is helpful to decrease the medical expenditure gradually. According to the data from Health Statistic Information Center of Ministry of Health in China, we calculated that the total health expenditure of China would be decreased 8000.0 million yuan only in 2001, among which, 1188.3 million, 1953.9 million and 4833.0 million yuan were respectively saved for the government budget, the society and resident if implementing the policy of community health service powerfully. And every outpatient can save 15.46 yuan per time. By the quantitative analysis on the economic contribution of community health service, it can be proved that a great economic benefit could be gotten from the implementation of community health service.